By Ndumiso Tshuma
For poultry farmers, early chick mortality remains a critical issue in bird care. A variety of factors contribute to this challenge, and experts urge farmers to examine genetic, management, nutritional, and disease-related causes to protect their chicks and ensure a healthy flock.
Genetic Factors
Dr Enock Machingauta, a Poultry Health Care expert said genetics play a significant role in early chick survival. Research indicates around 21 lethal gene mutations exist within bird populations, many resulting in chick deaths during the incubation period. Congenital issues such as congenital tremors and congenital loco are significant contributors to mortality within the first week post-hatching. Understanding these genetic factors is vital when selecting breeding stock.
“There are around 21 lethal gene mutations in birds. Most of these lethal genes lead to chicks’ death during the incubation period. However, congenital tremors and congenital loco cause the death of chicks within a week of hatching,” said Dr Machingauta.
Management Practices
Poor management is another major cause of early chick mortality. Sound management is essential for keeping flocks healthy and alive. Chicks reared in poorly managed environments cannot manifest their full genetic potential.
“High brooding temperature is dangerous for your flock. Too much heat makes chicks dehydrated, causing them to consume more water rather than feed. Due to their reduced feed intake, their growth is drastically affected, leading to their death,” said Dr Machingauta.
“Low brooding temperature causes chilling, which can directly impact the immune system, making birds vulnerable to diseases. Besides, the flock tends to huddle together when exposed to cold, causing suffocation and resulting in chick mortality.”
Another cause of death in broilers is when they grow so fast that their heart can’t keep up, known as ‘death growers.’ Controlled balance through feed and light schedules can help monitor and manage their growth rate. In some countries, legislation states that a broiler is only allowed to grow a maximum of 50 grams per day.
Nutritional Factors
Nutrition plays a vital role in chick survival. Providing a balanced diet with essential vitamins and minerals, particularly calcium, is necessary for healthy development.
“Ensure access to clean, fresh water at all times. Allow enough space for exercise and movement, at least 2-3 square feet per chicken. Regularly inspect your chickens for signs of illness or stress,” advised Machingauta.
Disease Prevention
The presence of diseases cannot be overlooked. Regular health inspections, vaccinations, and proactive parasite control are essential components of a successful poultry management plan. Farmers are advised to administer vaccinations like Endocox on the first day, followed by a Hepator booster two weeks later, to bolster their flock’s immunity against common diseases.
“Monitor for and control internal and external parasites. Bedding must be soft and dry to provide comfort to chicks. Good ventilation, temperature, and lighting programs must be applied as they grow,” said Machingauta.
Lastly, Machingauta emphasised the importance of understanding chicken behaviour and protecting them from predators.
“Keep the coop clean and regularly clean out manure and debris to maintain a healthy environment.”
